Clear answers about disease.

Melanoma

Acral Lentiginous Melanoma (ALM)

Acute leukaemias

ALL

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a fast-growing cancer of lymphoid blasts in blood and marrow. This entry covers children, adults, and CNS-directed therapy.

Acute leukaemias

AML

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is an aggressive cancer of the blood and bone marrow. This entry covers blasts, genetics, induction, and transplant.

Non-small cell lung cancer

AIS and MIA of the lung

The earliest forms of lung adenocarcinoma. AIS stays in the airspace lining; MIA has only tiny invasion. Complete removal usually means an excellent outlook.

Melanoma

Amelanotic melanoma

A melanoma with little or no brown pigment. It may look like a pink bump, a sore that does not heal, or another common skin lesion, so it is easier to miss.

Liver, bile ducts & pancreas

Ampullary carcinoma

Ampullary carcinoma arises at the ampulla of Vater, where the bile and pancreatic ducts meet the duodenum. This entry covers intestinal and pancreatobiliary types, jaundice, and Whipple surgery.

Small bowel & anus

Anal squamous cell carcinoma

Anal squamous cell carcinoma is an HPV-related cancer of the anal canal. This entry covers the Nigro chemoradiation approach and staging.

GIST & neuroendocrine

Appendiceal neoplasms

Appendiceal neoplasms are rare tumours of the appendix, from LAMN to adenocarcinoma and goblet-cell adenocarcinoma. This entry covers rupture risk and CRS/HIPEC.

Pulmonary neuroendocrine

Atypical pulmonary carcinoid

A well-differentiated neuroendocrine lung tumour with more mitoses or necrosis than a typical carcinoid, and a higher chance of spread.

Keratinocyte carcinomas

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

Keratinocyte carcinomas

Bowen disease

Squamous cell carcinoma that is still confined to the top layer of skin. It usually looks like a slowly growing red, scaly patch on sun-exposed skin.

Childhood

Burkitt lymphoma

Burkitt lymphoma is a highly aggressive B-cell lymphoma with MYC rearrangement. This entry covers endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-related forms.

Cervical

Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is almost always caused by persistent high-risk HPV. This entry covers screening, HPV vaccination, staging, and treatment.

Cervical

CIN

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a precancer of the cervix linked to HPV. This entry covers CIN1–3, colposcopy, and treatment of high-grade disease.

Primary bone tumours

Chondrosarcoma

A group of bone cancers that make cartilage. It is the second most common primary malignant bone tumour in adults and is treated mainly with surgery.

Primary bone tumours

Chordoma

A rare, slow-growing but locally aggressive bone tumour from leftover notochord tissue, usually at the skull base or sacrum.

Lymphomas

CLL / SLL

CLL and SLL are the same indolent B-cell neoplasm, seen in blood or nodes. This entry covers IGHV, TP53, BTK inhibitors, and watch-and-wait.

Chronic myeloid & MDS

CML

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm driven by BCR::ABL1. This entry covers chronic phase, TKIs, and monitoring.

Colorectum

Colorectal adenocarcinoma

Colorectal adenocarcinoma is the usual form of colon and rectal cancer. This entry covers screening, RAS/BRAF/MSI, and stage-based treatment.

Cutaneous sarcomas

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

A rare, slow-growing sarcoma of the skin that tends to come back locally if not widely removed. Spread to distant organs is uncommon.

Melanoma

Desmoplastic melanoma

A uncommon melanoma that often feels like a scar or a firm flesh-colored plaque on sun-damaged skin of the head and neck. It can grow along nerves.

Lymphomas

DLBCL

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This entry covers R-CHOP, cell-of-origin, and CAR-T.

Central nervous system

Diffuse midline glioma

Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered, is an aggressive WHO grade 4 tumour of the brainstem, thalamus, or spinal cord. This entry covers children, DIPG, and radiotherapy.

Liver, bile ducts & pancreas

Distal bile duct cholangiocarcinoma

Distal bile duct cholangiocarcinoma is a cancer of the bile duct below the cystic duct junction. This entry covers painless jaundice, staging, and Whipple resection.

Carcinoma in situ

DCIS

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive breast lesion confined to the ducts. This entry covers screening, grading, surgery, and radiation.

Uterine

Endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological cancer in many high-income countries. This entry covers types, molecular groups, and treatment.

Central nervous system

Ependymoma

Ependymoma is a glial tumour that usually grows from the lining of the ventricles or the central canal of the spinal cord. This entry covers posterior-fossa tumours in children and surgery.

Ovarian

Epithelial ovarian cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer includes several histologic types that arise from the ovary, tube, or peritoneum. This entry covers staging, surgery, and systemic therapy.

Primary bone tumours

Ewing sarcoma

A highly malignant small round-cell tumour of bone and soft tissue in adolescents and young adults, defined by EWSR1 gene fusions, most often EWSR1::FLI1.

Liver, bile ducts & pancreas

Fibrolamellar carcinoma

Fibrolamellar carcinoma is a rare liver cancer of adolescents and young adults, usually in a liver without cirrhosis. This entry covers the DNAJB1::PRKACA fusion and surgery.

Lymphomas

Follicular lymphoma

Follicular lymphoma is the most common indolent B-cell lymphoma. This entry covers watch-and-wait, anti-CD20 therapy, and transformation.

Liver, bile ducts & pancreas

Gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer is usually an adenocarcinoma found late, often after stones or at cholecystectomy. This entry covers risk, staging, and when surgery can still cure.

Stomach

Gastric adenocarcinoma

Gastric adenocarcinoma is the main form of stomach cancer. This entry covers Lauren types, H. pylori, HER2, and perioperative chemotherapy.

GIST & neuroendocrine

GI neuroendocrine tumours

GI neuroendocrine tumours arise from gut neuroendocrine cells. This entry covers grade, somatostatin analogues, and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy.

Stomach

GIST

GISTs are the most common mesenchymal tumours of the GI tract, usually KIT- or PDGFRA-driven. This entry covers imatinib and risk stratification.

Gynecologic

Gestational trophoblastic disease

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) includes hydatidiform mole and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. This entry covers diagnosis, hCG, and chemotherapy.

Primary bone tumours

Giant cell tumour of bone

A locally aggressive primary bone tumour with many giant cells. It usually arises near the end of a long bone in young adults.

Central nervous system

Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumour in adults, now defined as IDH-wildtype WHO grade 4. This entry covers maximal resection, radiotherapy, and temozolomide.

Childhood

Hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma is the most common liver cancer of early childhood. This entry covers PRETEXT staging, cisplatin chemotherapy, and surgery or transplant.

Liver, bile ducts & pancreas

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver cancer and usually arises in cirrhosis. This entry covers hepatitis, surveillance, BCLC staging, and treatment.

Invasive carcinoma

HER2-positive breast cancer

HER2-positive breast cancer overexpresses the HER2 receptor. This entry covers testing, anti-HER2 drugs, and how treatment has changed outcomes.

Ovarian

High-grade serous carcinoma

High-grade serous carcinoma is the most common and most lethal ovarian cancer, often arising in the fallopian tube. This entry covers TP53, BRCA, and PARP inhibitors.

Lymphomas

Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma is a lymphoid cancer defined by Reed–Sternberg cells. This entry covers classic vs NLPHL, staging, and PET-adapted treatment.

Central nervous system

IDH-mutant astrocytoma

IDH-mutant astrocytoma is a diffuse glioma of adults, defined by an IDH mutation and no 1p/19q codeletion. This entry covers grade, CDKN2A/B, and surgery plus adjuvant therapy.

Special types

Inflammatory breast cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare, aggressive presentation with skin oedema and erythema. This entry covers diagnosis, staging, and multimodal treatment.

Liver, bile ducts & pancreas

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a bile-duct cancer that starts inside the liver. This entry covers mass-forming tumours, FGFR2 and IDH1, and resection.

Invasive carcinoma

Invasive carcinoma NST

Invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST), also called invasive ductal carcinoma, is the most common form of breast cancer. This entry covers diagnosis, receptors, and treatment.

Invasive carcinoma

Invasive lobular carcinoma

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most common invasive breast cancer. It often grows in a single-file pattern and can be harder to see on imaging.

Keratinocyte carcinomas

Keratoacanthoma

A rapidly growing, crater-like skin nodule filled with keratin. Many pathologists treat it as a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that should be fully removed.

Non-small cell lung cancer

Large cell lung carcinoma

An NSCLC diagnosed when the tumour is clearly a lung carcinoma but does not show adenocarcinoma, squamous, or small-cell features under the microscope.

Pulmonary neuroendocrine

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung

A high-grade neuroendocrine lung cancer with large-cell appearance. It sits between carcinoids and small cell lung cancer in behaviour.

Soft-tissue sarcomas

Leiomyosarcoma

A malignant tumour of smooth muscle. It can arise in the uterus, retroperitoneum, vessels, or the limbs.

Melanoma

Lentigo maligna melanoma

A melanoma that usually begins as a slow, irregular tan patch on chronically sun-damaged skin of the face, ears, or neck in older adults. The in-situ phase (lentigo maligna) can last years.

Soft-tissue sarcomas

Liposarcoma

The most common soft-tissue sarcoma in adults. It arises from fat-forming mesenchymal cells and includes well-differentiated, dedifferentiated, myxoid, and other types.

Carcinoma in situ

LCIS

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a risk marker rather than a true cancer. This entry covers classic versus pleomorphic LCIS and risk-reducing options.

Non-small cell lung cancer

Lung adenocarcinoma

The most common lung cancer. It often starts in the outer lung, is the usual type in never-smokers, and is frequently tested for driver mutations.

Lung

Lung Cancer

Pleural mesothelioma

Malignant pleural mesothelioma

A cancer of the pleural lining, not of the lung tissue itself. Most cases are linked to asbestos, often decades after exposure.

Central nervous system

Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumour of children and starts in the cerebellum. This entry covers molecular groups, surgery, CSI, and chemotherapy.

Melanoma

Melanoma

Central nervous system

Meningioma

Meningioma is a tumour of the meninges, usually benign and slow-growing. This entry covers incidental findings, WHO grade, and when to operate or watch.

Merkel cell

Merkel cell carcinoma

A rare, fast-growing skin cancer of neuroendocrine cells. It often appears as a painless red or purple nodule on sun-exposed skin of older adults.

Plasma-cell neoplasms

Multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a plasma-cell malignancy of the bone marrow. This entry covers CRAB features, IMWG diagnosis, and modern drug combinations.

Cutaneous lymphomas

Mycosis fungoides

The most common cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Despite the name, it is not a fungal infection. It often starts as patches that look like eczema or psoriasis.

Chronic myeloid & MDS

MDS

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal marrow disorders with ineffective blood production. This entry covers risk scores, transfusions, and transplant.

Non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer

NSCLC is about 85% of lung cancers. It is a group of tumours that usually grow more slowly than small cell lung cancer and are treated by stage, histology, and molecular markers.

Oesophagus

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma arises in the lower oesophagus, usually after Barrett’s. This entry covers GORD, staging, and perioperative treatment.

Oesophagus

Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma arises from the squamous lining, often mid/upper oesophagus. This entry covers smoking, alcohol, and chemoradiation.

Central nervous system

Oligodendroglioma

Oligodendroglioma is an IDH-mutant diffuse glioma defined by 1p/19q codeletion. This entry covers seizures, calcified frontal tumours, and PCV or temozolomide.

Primary bone tumours

Osteosarcoma

Childhood

Ovarian germ cell tumours

Malignant ovarian germ cell tumours are rare cancers of young women. This entry covers dysgerminoma, yolk sac tumour, immature teratoma, and fertility-sparing treatment.

Special types

Paget disease of the breast

Paget disease of the breast is an uncommon condition in which cancer cells involve the nipple–areola skin. This entry covers signs, diagnosis, and surgery.

Liver, bile ducts & pancreas

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the usual form of pancreatic cancer. This entry covers painless jaundice, CA19-9, resectable versus metastatic disease, and FOLFIRINOX.

Liver, bile ducts & pancreas

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours arise from islet cells and range from indolent to high-grade. This entry covers functioning syndromes, grade, surgery, and SSA or PRRT.

Liver, bile ducts & pancreas

Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, or Klatskin tumour, blocks the bile ducts at the liver hilum. This entry covers jaundice, Bismuth type, drainage, and resection.

Special types

Phyllodes tumour

Phyllodes tumours are rare fibroepithelial breast tumours that range from benign to malignant. This entry covers grading, surgery, and recurrence risk.

Central nervous system

Pilocytic astrocytoma

Pilocytic astrocytoma is a WHO grade 1 glioma, the most common brain tumour of children, often in the cerebellum. This entry covers the mural nodule, BRAF, and surgery.

Central nervous system

Primary CNS lymphoma

Primary CNS lymphoma is usually a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma confined to the brain, eyes, or CSF. This entry covers immunocompetent adults, steroids, and methotrexate.

Colorectum

Rectal cancer

Rectal cancer is adenocarcinoma of the last 12–15 cm of the large bowel. This entry covers TME, MRI staging, and total neoadjuvant therapy.

Adnexal carcinomas

Sebaceous carcinoma

A rare cancer of oil glands. On the eyelid it can mimic a chalazion or chronic blepharitis. Extraocular tumours may signal Muir-Torre syndrome.

Small cell lung cancer

Small cell lung cancer

A fast-growing neuroendocrine lung cancer, almost always in people who smoked. It often has already spread at diagnosis and is treated as a systemic disease.

Small bowel & anus

Small-bowel adenocarcinoma

Small-bowel adenocarcinoma is a rare small-intestine cancer. This entry covers Crohn, Lynch, coeliac disease, and treatment approaches.

Soft-tissue sarcomas

Soft-tissue sarcoma

A rare group of cancers that start in connective tissues such as muscle, fat, nerves, and fibrous tissue, rather than in organs lined by epithelium.

Non-small cell lung cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

An NSCLC that usually arises in the central airways and is strongly linked to smoking. It is a different disease from squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.

Keratinocyte carcinomas

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Melanoma

Subungual Melanoma

Melanoma

Superficial spreading melanoma

The most common subtype of melanoma. It usually grows sideways in the skin first, as an irregular patch, before it grows deeper. Early surgery is the main treatment.

Soft-tissue sarcomas

Synovial sarcoma

A rare aggressive soft-tissue sarcoma of young adults. Despite the name, it does not start from joint lining. Most cases carry an SS18–SSX gene fusion.

Invasive carcinoma

Triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks oestrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. This entry covers biology, BRCA, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.

Pulmonary neuroendocrine

Typical pulmonary carcinoid

A slow-growing neuroendocrine tumour of the lung. It can still spread, but the outlook after complete surgery is usually very good.

Soft-tissue sarcomas

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma

A high-grade soft-tissue sarcoma diagnosed when no specific line of differentiation can be shown. It was formerly called malignant fibrous histiocytoma.

Childhood

Undifferentiated rhabdomyosarcoma

A rare aggressive sarcoma of skeletal-muscle lineage that lacks clear rhabdomyoblastic features. It is a diagnosis of exclusion among rhabdomyosarcomas.

Uterine

Uterine sarcoma

Uterine sarcomas are rare mesenchymal tumours of the uterus, distinct from endometrial carcinoma. This entry covers LMS, ESS, and adenosarcoma.

Vulva & vagina

Vaginal cancer

Primary vaginal cancer is rare. This entry covers HPV-related squamous carcinoma, staging, and radiotherapy-based treatment.

Central nervous system

Vestibular schwannoma

Vestibular schwannoma is a benign tumour of the hearing and balance nerve. This entry covers unilateral hearing loss, NF2, observation, radiosurgery, and microsurgery.

Vulva & vagina

Vulvar cancer

Vulvar cancer is an uncommon gynaecological malignancy, most often squamous cell carcinoma. This entry covers HPV-related and independent pathways, staging, and surgery.